tHesis
View more presentations from ithilya.
2009/12/07
2009/10/21
integration of natural environment in vernacular architecture
In Greek vernacular architecture, in general, one can distinguish the use and integration of natural elements (topography, climate, orientation, vegetation etc.), within the structure of buildings and settlements. This method could ensure maximum comfort conditions regarding lighting, ventilation, heating and cooling, thermal insulation. Utilization of natural elements emerged as a solution to respective needs, given the lack of current technology tools, whilst revealing deep knowledge of the limitations and possibilities of the natural environment – which is a result of the long partnership of local communities with nature.
As a result, functionally and aesthetically proficient settlements emerged, fully integrated into the local natural environment. So far, traditional architecture is a valuable source of knowledge and reference for modern bioclimatic construction.
orientation. Vernacular buildings tend to have a SE orientation, to utilize the sun. Thus, it remains cool in the summer and in winter, when the sun is low, is heat up.
Often, the position of individual building volumes is such as to create shady spots, sun-protected during summer period.
walls. Stone walls are 60-80 cm thick, a fact which ensures a proper insulation of the building (mild temperature variations). Utilizing the heat capacity of the exterior walls is a very common practice. In some cases the walls are as thick as 1 m (when the building is 4 or 5 floors high or for defensive purposes). The stone walls are usually constructed without mortars (xerolithia-dry stone), constructed in such way so as to ensure the interior’s protection from wind and rain. The inner walls (and sometimes the outer ones on higher floors) are built with wooden slats coated with plaster made of lime and gypsum (tsatmas). This construction method ensures the building’s flexibility and makes it resistant to earthquakes. In some cases the inner part of external walls is coated with wood, a fact which, along with wooden floors and ceilings, contributes to the rapid heating of interior space. (dark wooden boards are sometimes used for a greater absorption of solar radiation.
roof. Either sloping roofs (mountainous, lowland and coastal areas) or flat terraces (coastal and island areas) are used. Roof slopes are smooth ending, in their lowest part, to an overhang with a significant width (70-140 cm), which offers protection against rain and sun. Thus, windows are shaded while shutters remain open, allowing for proper lighting and ventilation of the interior. Furthermore, the overhang protects the exterior walls from rain (avoid moisture) and if two opposite eaves are close to each other the road can be also protected from rain and intense summer solar radiation. Roofs are used for the collection of rainwater (from the roof, to the gutters and then to the cisterns, where it is stored).
openings. Small windows are placed in the northern part of buildings to ensure proper lighting and ventilation, as well as thermal insulation (reduction of thermal losses). The main facade as well as the biggest openings is usually facing the south.
space order. Winter and summer spaces are created to better address climate conditions. Summer places are usually placed on the floors with an outer wall made of wood and lime-gypsum plaster (tsatmas), varying in different locations. Large openings are placed on these walls for ventilation reasons, especially in the summer. Furthermore, in the northern part of the buildings secondary spaces are placed, such as storage rooms and kitchens, as well as an extra room or a small yard for summer accommodation. On the contrary, most main spaces are commonly found at the southern, or in some cases at the SE or SW part of the building.
Usually in rural houses the warehouse or premises is located towards the north aiming at the creation of a buffer area in contact with the main residential spaces, which were thus protected against cold.
structural elements. On the façade shelters, terraces, trellises (often vine covered) and pergolas are commonly used to protect external walls from overheating. Overhanging volumes (sachnisi) with large openings provide proper natural lighting and ventilation. Sheltered semi-outdoor spaces (chagiati), galleries and small arcades create cool pleasant areas during summer months and provide a sheltered space with sufficient light during winter.
vegetation. In the surrounding areas of buildings, trees are planted at appropriate locations, protecting from summer heat with their leaves. During winter they lose their leaves, thus allowing sunrays to heat up the building. (deciduous trees). Locally, scarcity of water resulted in poor natural vegetation. However, certain types of trees were commonly used even from the ancient times. Grapevines, fig trees, olive trees, almond trees, lemon trees, pepper trees, cedar trees, cypresses, juniperus phoenicea, mulberry trees and, the last decades, bougainvilleas are often found. It is important to note that most of them had multiple uses – timber for building, nutritional purposes, shading and cooling, oil, wine and vinegar production.
materials. Structural materials in traditional Greek architecture are those found at the construction environment, resulting in full integration of buildings in the landscape. Stone and wood are the basic building materials, varying in type and usage, depending on local conditions. In mountain areas stone is mainly used both for the outer walls and roof (tile-like stone). Wood is more common in locations where it is plentiful (mountainous and forest areas) and it is used for inner walls, roofs, overhangs, floors, opening frames, stairs etc. Lime, straw (used as binder), bricks (sun baked), limestone, iron and steel in small quantities (mostly rails), gypsum, glass, sand, reed, algae (insulator), clay (in islands). Volcanic rocks are used in respective locations (Santorini, Nisyros etc). White color used in certain island settlements contributes in reducing the heat absorbed by the outer surface of the walls. Material search in the direct natural environment is enforced by the inability to transport them from elsewhere, thus production cost is minimized and energy usage is significantly reduced (material transportation).
The way traditional settlements are organized follows some basic rules. Building layout, roads and footpaths follow the natural terrain slope. This way buildings and lines fit smoothly into the natural landscape and optimal use of space is obtained.
Settlements are usually found in locations with southern orientation, for maximum sunlight to be obtained. In the warmer areas, buildings are denser so that air blowing through narrow streets cools down the environment. Furthermore, structural elements, such as pergolas, trellises, shelters etc, are interwoven and create individual spaces with comfortable micro-climate conditions throughout the settlements.
Buildings layout is such that allows the unrestricted natural lighting and ventilation of every building. In areas with strong terrain slope, space arrangement ensures unobstructed view for almost each building. Settlements layout also takes into account the balanced space distribution of water resources to ensure best service of all the individual neighborhoods. Public functions are gathered in one or more central points to maximize accessibility and serviceability.
a. building typology
orientation. Vernacular buildings tend to have a SE orientation, to utilize the sun. Thus, it remains cool in the summer and in winter, when the sun is low, is heat up.
Often, the position of individual building volumes is such as to create shady spots, sun-protected during summer period.
walls. Stone walls are 60-80 cm thick, a fact which ensures a proper insulation of the building (mild temperature variations). Utilizing the heat capacity of the exterior walls is a very common practice. In some cases the walls are as thick as 1 m (when the building is 4 or 5 floors high or for defensive purposes). The stone walls are usually constructed without mortars (xerolithia-dry stone), constructed in such way so as to ensure the interior’s protection from wind and rain. The inner walls (and sometimes the outer ones on higher floors) are built with wooden slats coated with plaster made of lime and gypsum (tsatmas). This construction method ensures the building’s flexibility and makes it resistant to earthquakes. In some cases the inner part of external walls is coated with wood, a fact which, along with wooden floors and ceilings, contributes to the rapid heating of interior space. (dark wooden boards are sometimes used for a greater absorption of solar radiation.
roof. Either sloping roofs (mountainous, lowland and coastal areas) or flat terraces (coastal and island areas) are used. Roof slopes are smooth ending, in their lowest part, to an overhang with a significant width (70-140 cm), which offers protection against rain and sun. Thus, windows are shaded while shutters remain open, allowing for proper lighting and ventilation of the interior. Furthermore, the overhang protects the exterior walls from rain (avoid moisture) and if two opposite eaves are close to each other the road can be also protected from rain and intense summer solar radiation. Roofs are used for the collection of rainwater (from the roof, to the gutters and then to the cisterns, where it is stored).
openings. Small windows are placed in the northern part of buildings to ensure proper lighting and ventilation, as well as thermal insulation (reduction of thermal losses). The main facade as well as the biggest openings is usually facing the south.
space order. Winter and summer spaces are created to better address climate conditions. Summer places are usually placed on the floors with an outer wall made of wood and lime-gypsum plaster (tsatmas), varying in different locations. Large openings are placed on these walls for ventilation reasons, especially in the summer. Furthermore, in the northern part of the buildings secondary spaces are placed, such as storage rooms and kitchens, as well as an extra room or a small yard for summer accommodation. On the contrary, most main spaces are commonly found at the southern, or in some cases at the SE or SW part of the building.
Usually in rural houses the warehouse or premises is located towards the north aiming at the creation of a buffer area in contact with the main residential spaces, which were thus protected against cold.
structural elements. On the façade shelters, terraces, trellises (often vine covered) and pergolas are commonly used to protect external walls from overheating. Overhanging volumes (sachnisi) with large openings provide proper natural lighting and ventilation. Sheltered semi-outdoor spaces (chagiati), galleries and small arcades create cool pleasant areas during summer months and provide a sheltered space with sufficient light during winter.
vegetation. In the surrounding areas of buildings, trees are planted at appropriate locations, protecting from summer heat with their leaves. During winter they lose their leaves, thus allowing sunrays to heat up the building. (deciduous trees). Locally, scarcity of water resulted in poor natural vegetation. However, certain types of trees were commonly used even from the ancient times. Grapevines, fig trees, olive trees, almond trees, lemon trees, pepper trees, cedar trees, cypresses, juniperus phoenicea, mulberry trees and, the last decades, bougainvilleas are often found. It is important to note that most of them had multiple uses – timber for building, nutritional purposes, shading and cooling, oil, wine and vinegar production.
materials. Structural materials in traditional Greek architecture are those found at the construction environment, resulting in full integration of buildings in the landscape. Stone and wood are the basic building materials, varying in type and usage, depending on local conditions. In mountain areas stone is mainly used both for the outer walls and roof (tile-like stone). Wood is more common in locations where it is plentiful (mountainous and forest areas) and it is used for inner walls, roofs, overhangs, floors, opening frames, stairs etc. Lime, straw (used as binder), bricks (sun baked), limestone, iron and steel in small quantities (mostly rails), gypsum, glass, sand, reed, algae (insulator), clay (in islands). Volcanic rocks are used in respective locations (Santorini, Nisyros etc). White color used in certain island settlements contributes in reducing the heat absorbed by the outer surface of the walls. Material search in the direct natural environment is enforced by the inability to transport them from elsewhere, thus production cost is minimized and energy usage is significantly reduced (material transportation).
b.spatial structure
The way traditional settlements are organized follows some basic rules. Building layout, roads and footpaths follow the natural terrain slope. This way buildings and lines fit smoothly into the natural landscape and optimal use of space is obtained.
Settlements are usually found in locations with southern orientation, for maximum sunlight to be obtained. In the warmer areas, buildings are denser so that air blowing through narrow streets cools down the environment. Furthermore, structural elements, such as pergolas, trellises, shelters etc, are interwoven and create individual spaces with comfortable micro-climate conditions throughout the settlements.
Buildings layout is such that allows the unrestricted natural lighting and ventilation of every building. In areas with strong terrain slope, space arrangement ensures unobstructed view for almost each building. Settlements layout also takes into account the balanced space distribution of water resources to ensure best service of all the individual neighborhoods. Public functions are gathered in one or more central points to maximize accessibility and serviceability.
2009/10/12
climate of greece
Greece is situated in the most southeastern part of Europe, confined to the areas between the 34 and 42 parallel N., with a meridional extent from 19 to 28 E. and bordering the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea and the East Mediterranean Sea.
The climate in Greece is typical of the Mediterranean climate, which is mild and rainy winters, relatively warm and dry summers with, generally, long sunshine duration almost all the year. A great variety of climate subtypes, always in the Mediterranean climate frame, are encountered in several regions of Greece. This is due to the influence of topography (great mountain chains along the central part and other mountainous bodies) on the air coming from the moisture sources of the central Mediterranean Sea.
Thus from the dry climate of Attiki (the great area of capital, Athens) and generally of East Greece, change over to the wet one of North and West Greece.
In terms of climatology, the year can be broadly divided mainly into two seasons. The cold and rainy period lasting from the mid of October until the end of March, and the warm and non -rain season lasting from April until September.
During the first period the coldest months are January and February, with, on average, mean minimum temperature ranging between 5 -10 degrees of Celsius near the coasts and 0 - 5 over mainland areas, with lower values (generally below freezing) over the northern part of the country.
Rainfall in Greece even in the winter, does not last a lot of days and the sky does not remain cloudy for several consecutive days, as it happens in other regions of the world. Winter bad weather days are often interrupted, during January and the first fortnight of February, with sunny days, well known as ‘Alkion days’ in ancient times.
The winter is milder in islands of Aegean Sea and Ionian Sea than in the North and East Greece.
During the warm and non-rain period the weather is almost stable, the sky is clear, the sun is bright and generally does not rain. However there are scarce intervals with rapid rain or thunderstorms of small duration mainly in mainland areas.
The warmest period is the last ten-day period of July and the first one of August, when the mean maximum temperature lies in the range of 29.0 and 35.0 degrees of Celsius. During the warm period the high temperatures are dampened from the fresh sea breezes in the coastal areas of the country and from the north winds blowing mainly in Aegean, well known as ‘Etesian’.
The climate in Greece is typical of the Mediterranean climate, which is mild and rainy winters, relatively warm and dry summers with, generally, long sunshine duration almost all the year. A great variety of climate subtypes, always in the Mediterranean climate frame, are encountered in several regions of Greece. This is due to the influence of topography (great mountain chains along the central part and other mountainous bodies) on the air coming from the moisture sources of the central Mediterranean Sea.
Thus from the dry climate of Attiki (the great area of capital, Athens) and generally of East Greece, change over to the wet one of North and West Greece.
In terms of climatology, the year can be broadly divided mainly into two seasons. The cold and rainy period lasting from the mid of October until the end of March, and the warm and non -rain season lasting from April until September.
During the first period the coldest months are January and February, with, on average, mean minimum temperature ranging between 5 -10 degrees of Celsius near the coasts and 0 - 5 over mainland areas, with lower values (generally below freezing) over the northern part of the country.
Rainfall in Greece even in the winter, does not last a lot of days and the sky does not remain cloudy for several consecutive days, as it happens in other regions of the world. Winter bad weather days are often interrupted, during January and the first fortnight of February, with sunny days, well known as ‘Alkion days’ in ancient times.
The winter is milder in islands of Aegean Sea and Ionian Sea than in the North and East Greece.
During the warm and non-rain period the weather is almost stable, the sky is clear, the sun is bright and generally does not rain. However there are scarce intervals with rapid rain or thunderstorms of small duration mainly in mainland areas.
The warmest period is the last ten-day period of July and the first one of August, when the mean maximum temperature lies in the range of 29.0 and 35.0 degrees of Celsius. During the warm period the high temperatures are dampened from the fresh sea breezes in the coastal areas of the country and from the north winds blowing mainly in Aegean, well known as ‘Etesian’.
source: hellenic national meteorological service
2009/10/02
detention centers
Pagani, Lesvos island
The number of irregular migrants and asylum seekers detained last year on Greece's Lesvos Island after crossing from Turkey more than doubled from 6,147 in 2007 to 13,252, including thousands of children.
The increasing number of arrivals is putting an enormous strain on this facility, which is located at Pagani near the Lesvos capital of Mytilini. The centre has a capacity to hold 280 people; when a UNHCR team visited in late November, there were 990. A separate open facility for unaccompanied minors can hold 96 children.
Men, women and children are kept in detention on Lesvos for weeks and, in some, cases, months as the bureaucracy struggles to process them.
Aside from severe overcrowding, non-governmental organizations and other critics say the human rights of the detainees in Pagani are being violated. The authorities say they do not have enough manpower to both supervise an outdoor activity period and guard the inmates. Critics also say there are insufficient hygiene and sanitation facilities, with around 150 people having to share a bath and a lavatory. As a result the risk of epidemics and disease is very high. Moreover, there is only one doctor on call to deal with emergencies.
UNHCR has repeatedly called on the Greek authorities to close Pagani and open new facilities that meet minimum international standards for detention centers. The authorities acknowledge there is a problem.
Pagani was adequate two years ago, but it is clearly insufficient with the dramatic increase of arrivals, according to the island's authorities.
The prefect said he was looking at possible mid-term solutions – including moving people to temporary accommodation – to address the conditions in Pagani, which sparked demonstrations, hunger strikes and suicide threats by detainees last June. Shortly afterwards, the island authorities announced the creation of the special centre for minors in the picturesque village of Agiasos.
The establishment of the open facility some 35 kilometres north of Mytilini is a positive development – those 13,252 people detained last year on Lesvos included 3,649 minors, many of whom were unaccompanied.
The children are allowed to stay as long as they need – when UNHCR visited late last year, a handful had been there for four months. Many have relatives in resettlement countries such as Australia, Canada, the Netherlands and the UK; a lawyer at the centre is exploring ways to reunite them with their kin.
But the problem of irregular mixed migration flows into Greece is unlikely to ease up in 2009, which means that the government must upgrade its facilities to handle this extra caseload. The situation in Pagani, moreover, is replicated in many other parts of Greece.
identity
Most irregular immigrants don't come in large migration waves, but they cross the border in small groups in different locations (either on foot or by boat through Turkey). There are two main routes into Greece from Turkey, one across the Turkish-Greek land border in the northeast of the country, in the Evros region. The other route lies via the Mediterranean, refugees and undocumented migrants attempt to reach the islands in the North-East Aegean sea situated only a few kilometers away from the Turkish mainland. Particularly those of Chios, Samos and Lesvos are important points of entry to the EU through the sea.
While many of those arriving on Greece's shores are economic migrants, a significant number are people in need of international protection after fleeing conflict or persecution in their home countries. Very few apply for asylum at their point of arrival. They don't apply here for many reasons. They either want to go to Athens or to other EU countries. Many wish to avoid the Greek asylum system because, if later picked up elsewhere in the EU, they could be sent back to Greece for their asylum application to be processed.
All those stopped on the borders are detained and given a deportation order (regardless of whether or not they are in need of protection), but this is rarely enforced. Those who apply for asylum on entry points, such as Evros, Lesvos, Samos etc., spend longer in detention, but everyone is eventually moved to Athens, where 95 percent of asylum applications are lodged.
While many of those arriving on Greece's shores are economic migrants, a significant number are people in need of international protection after fleeing conflict or persecution in their home countries. Very few apply for asylum at their point of arrival. They don't apply here for many reasons. They either want to go to Athens or to other EU countries. Many wish to avoid the Greek asylum system because, if later picked up elsewhere in the EU, they could be sent back to Greece for their asylum application to be processed.
All those stopped on the borders are detained and given a deportation order (regardless of whether or not they are in need of protection), but this is rarely enforced. Those who apply for asylum on entry points, such as Evros, Lesvos, Samos etc., spend longer in detention, but everyone is eventually moved to Athens, where 95 percent of asylum applications are lodged.
numbers
In 2006, it can be generally stated that the EU Member States and Schengen associated countries noted a decreasing trend of illegal entries at their external EU / Schengen borders. Contrary to this general decreasing trend, detections and apprehensions have increased at the Spanish external borders and in Greece, mainly at the Turkish land border, as reported.
Schengen Member States reported a significant scale of detections within the internal Schengen borders as a consequence of inland migration and general police control measures (e.g. Germany, Austria, France, and the Netherlands). The main nationalities detected at the eastern external land borders in 2006 were Ukrainians, Romanians, Bulgarians, Serbians, Albanians, Moldovans and Indians.
The main border sections in regards to detection, apprehension and refusal of entry of illegal migrants are: the land border between Slovakia and Ukraine, between Slovenia and Croatia, between Greece and Albania as well as between Greece and Turkey. The Austrian external Schengen borders; the Spanish towns of Ceuta and Melilla; the Canary Islands; Sicily and the island of Lampedusa; the United Kingdom air and sea borders; the Greek - Turkish sea border is also a site of significant illegal immigration.
In 2007, the general picture is not as clear; Spain, Germany, Hungary and Slovenia continued to report declining numbers while France, Greece, Lithuania, and the Czech Republic reported an increase.
The largest detection figures were reported by Greece, Italy, Spain and France, that is altogether 80 per cent of the overall number of detections. Taken into account that Romanian and Bulgarian nationals have not been included in the statistics on migration as from 2007, the overall situation shows a status quo or a slight upward trend. Especially the pressure at the air and land borders seems to be on the increase.
The general situation at the sea border improved and the number of detected illegal migrants declined. Detections at the sea borders of Spain decreased by 70 per cent compared to 2006. Italy reported almost 22,000 detections and an upward trend of 13 per cent. Also Greece reported higher numbers; with sharp increase of 170 per cent, it had some 9,300 detected illegal border crossings. The situation at the southern maritime borders remains a source of serious concern.
Schengen Member States reported a significant scale of detections within the internal Schengen borders as a consequence of inland migration and general police control measures (e.g. Germany, Austria, France, and the Netherlands). The main nationalities detected at the eastern external land borders in 2006 were Ukrainians, Romanians, Bulgarians, Serbians, Albanians, Moldovans and Indians.
The main border sections in regards to detection, apprehension and refusal of entry of illegal migrants are: the land border between Slovakia and Ukraine, between Slovenia and Croatia, between Greece and Albania as well as between Greece and Turkey. The Austrian external Schengen borders; the Spanish towns of Ceuta and Melilla; the Canary Islands; Sicily and the island of Lampedusa; the United Kingdom air and sea borders; the Greek - Turkish sea border is also a site of significant illegal immigration.
In 2007, the general picture is not as clear; Spain, Germany, Hungary and Slovenia continued to report declining numbers while France, Greece, Lithuania, and the Czech Republic reported an increase.
The largest detection figures were reported by Greece, Italy, Spain and France, that is altogether 80 per cent of the overall number of detections. Taken into account that Romanian and Bulgarian nationals have not been included in the statistics on migration as from 2007, the overall situation shows a status quo or a slight upward trend. Especially the pressure at the air and land borders seems to be on the increase.
The general situation at the sea border improved and the number of detected illegal migrants declined. Detections at the sea borders of Spain decreased by 70 per cent compared to 2006. Italy reported almost 22,000 detections and an upward trend of 13 per cent. Also Greece reported higher numbers; with sharp increase of 170 per cent, it had some 9,300 detected illegal border crossings. The situation at the southern maritime borders remains a source of serious concern.
In 2007, the main areas in Europe identified as highly affected by illegal migration according to the number of detections and apprehensions of illegal migrants were:
• Land borders in South-Eastern Europe, especially the Greek-Albanian and the Greek-Turkish borders;
• Air borders in North and West Europe, especially in France;
• Sea borders in South and South-Eastern Europe, especially the Greek-Turkish sea border and the Italian coast.
Reportedly, Albanian nationals detected crossing the EU external border illegally most often. The detections mainly took place at the external land border of Greece with Albania. Iraqi nationals were on the second place and detected at all external borders of Greece and at the air borders of various Member States. Moroccan illegal migrants, who were usually detected at the sea borders, but also at the land border between Spain and Morocco, were the third most detected nationals.
The nationals of Afghanistan, Egypt, Algeria, Eritrea and Somalia were detected at the sea borders, while illegal migrants from Palestine, Pakistan and Serbia mainly at the land borders. Chinese nationals were mainly detected at the air borders, followed by Brazilians. In total 130,000 Third Country nationals were refused entry to the EU in 2007.
Member States reported more than 260,000 detections of illegal stay. Italy reported the highest number with more than 50,000 detections. Most Member States reported illegal stay inland only and not at exit checks. Most detected illegal migrants were from the neighboring countries, North Africa, long-term conflict areas, or from the most populated countries in the world. Member States reported almost 150,000 asylum claims in 2007. Sweden had with almost 35,000 applications the most of these claims, followed by Greece and the UK (both almost 20,000). Belgium and Poland both reported more than 10,000 claims, while the rest of the Member States reported less than 10,000 claims. Most asylum claims were filed by Iraqi nationals (35,000) followed by nationals from the Russian Federation.
In 2008, some 175,0004 detections of illegal border crossing at the external sea and land borders of the EU were reported by the Member States. This represents a 20% increase compared to 2007. Most of the increase was due to higher detections in Italy and Greece. Although slightly higher at sea borders, the detections of illegal border crossing split almost equally between the sea and land borders. However, while at sea borders the number of detections went up sharply (around 69 %), land border detections decreased slightly. As in 2007, detections at the Greek sea and land borders with Turkey and the land border with Albania accounted for almost 50 % of the EU total.
In Greece, detections at the sea border along the Turkish coast also doubled between 2007 and 2008 to 29,100 illegal border crossings. Detections were mostly reported at six islands close to the Turkish coast: Lesvos, Chios, Samos, Patmos, Leros, and Kos.
The land border section between Greece and Albania recorded the largest share of illegal border crossings with 38,600 detections, but compared to 2007, detections went down by 10 %. It should be noted that most illegal migrants detected at this border section, mainly Albanian nationals, are quickly returned to Albania under a long-standing and effective readmission agreement. However, despite this good collaboration, people who have been returned tend to rapidly cross illegally the border again. Altogether 14,500 illegal border crossings detected have been reported from the Greek–Turkish land border. Unlike at the Greek–Albanian land border, illegal migrants are neither returned quickly nor in large number. Compared to 2007, detections of illegal border crossing have decreased by 14% at this border section. Combined (sea and land borders) joint operation Poseidon 2008 was concentrated on that area.
Detections of illegal stay offer some indication on final destinations and secondary movement of illegal migrants in the EU. Compared to 2007, Member States’ data suggests that the number of persons detected staying illegally in the EU has increased by about 15 %. Ninety percent of the detections for illegal stay were reported in just eight Member States. At the top, France (81,200) and Spain (77,000) represented 40 % of all detections, and recorded the largest increase between 2007 and 2008. A second group of Member States comprising Italy and Greece reported slightly less than 50,000 detections each. A third group, Portugal, the UK, Belgium and Sweden, reported illegal stay ranging between 20,000 and 30,000. Other Member States reported less than 10,000 detections each.
Detections of illegal stay offer some indication on final destinations and secondary movement of illegal migrants in the EU. Compared to 2007, Member States’ data suggests that the number of persons detected staying illegally in the EU has increased by about 15 %. Ninety percent of the detections for illegal stay were reported in just eight Member States. At the top, France (81,200) and Spain (77,000) represented 40 % of all detections, and recorded the largest increase between 2007 and 2008. A second group of Member States comprising Italy and Greece reported slightly less than 50,000 detections each. A third group, Portugal, the UK, Belgium and Sweden, reported illegal stay ranging between 20,000 and 30,000. Other Member States reported less than 10,000 detections each.
EU policy
The present asylum policy of the European Union gives the clear impression that its core objective is the protection of Europe from refugees rather than the protection of refugees. (frontex)
EU regulations, stating as a general rule that asylum seekers have to apply for asylum in the first EU member state they enter, create inhumane conditions for refugees and clearly illustrate a denial of solidarity with EU member states at the outer borders of Europe, such as Greece, Italy, Malta and Spain
The countries in the centre of Europe protect themselves more and more effectively against refugees. The latter who manage to arrive in another EU country via Greece are being returned to Greece. The consequences of this policy are evident: While the EU countries which only have internal borders shirk responsibility for a humane refugee policy, the EU member states at the outer borders of Europe increasingly behave in a brutal manner. This leads to a double transfer of responsibility from the inner areas of the EU to the outer borders and from there to unsafe countries outside the EU.
2009/10/01
a video from the interior of Pagani detention center in the island of Lesvos
http://lesvos09.antira.info/2009/08/voices-from-the-inside-of-pagani-detention-centre/
http://lesvos09.antira.info/2009/08/voices-from-the-inside-of-pagani-detention-centre/
2009/09/23
let's see
so, after 3 weeks what's new? i've been looking into the current situation and i realise that things are not always clear. Numerical and statistical data are a bit confusing. The greek unhcr does not give numbers (tried to reach them but they did not reply..), the police - probably under political tendentiousness - gives extraordinary(?) numerical data and probably the truth is hidden between their lines.
Well, it's an important piece of information that the government desperately tries to act formally and comply with the EU politics, when in fact they don't give a damn about those people.
So what is my subject about? Can I solve the migration problem in Greece? By what means? It obviously isn't a design matter. What can design provide to those people and in what scope should that be studied (a sober pragmatic one taking into account real conditions and factors or a more notional one which will integrate mythos and pathos?)
Another factor that comes to mind deals with the dyadic nature of the problem. On one hand there are all those unumbered individuals with their specific cultural background.(actually many different backgrounds). On the other hand there is a location with given characteristics (climate, energy potential, position and neighbours, inhabitants, geomorphology, history). How can these two coexist with no identity loss?
2009/09/21
wind energy potential
http://www.cres.gr/kape/datainfo/maps.htm
click on each region of the country to see its wind energy potential
click on each region of the country to see its wind energy potential
2009/09/19
2009/09/16
msf articles
http://www.msf.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2081&Itemid=236
http://www.msf.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2068&Itemid=236
http://www.msf.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1918&Itemid=236
http://www.msf.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1895&Itemid=236
http://www.msf.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1848&Itemid=236
http://www.msf.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1842&Itemid=236
http://www.msf.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1884&Itemid=241
http://www.msf.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2094&Itemid=242
http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=A3609C4C-15C5-F00A-2579FCDF94485D33&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html
http://www.msf.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2068&Itemid=236
http://www.msf.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1918&Itemid=236
http://www.msf.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1895&Itemid=236
http://www.msf.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1848&Itemid=236
http://www.msf.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1842&Itemid=236
http://www.msf.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1884&Itemid=241
http://www.msf.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2094&Itemid=242
http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=A3609C4C-15C5-F00A-2579FCDF94485D33&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html
msf.gr
| Population: 11.1 m. Child mortality rate: 4/1000 Life expectancy at birth: 78.9 Medical humanitarian assistance to undocumented migrants Greece is located at the external border of the European Union, at the crossroads between Asia, Africa and Europe. While the numbers of irregular arrivals by sea in Italy and Spain are decreasing, the number of migrants and asylum seekers arriving in Greece increased dramatically during 2007. Many of these people do not want to stay in Greece but to continue on to one of the other EU Member States. Therefore most of them do not seek asylum in Greece and, since most EU countries have closed their borders, these people remain withinn the countries borders for unknown period of time. Many come via Turkey. There are two main routes into Greece from Turkey: one is across the Turkish-Greek land border in the northeast of the country, in the Evros region. The other route lies via the Mediterranean: refugees and undocumented migrants attempt to reach the islands in the North Aegean situated only a few kilometers away from the Turkish mainland. Particularly those of Chios, Samos and Lesbos are important points of entry to the EU for arriving by sea. Patras is a town of 240.000 inhabitants and the main port of exit to Italy. In the last 10 years there has been a constant influx of migrants transiting in their way to Italy, hidden inside trucks. At the beginning they were few and mostly Kurds, nowadays the majority are Afghan and are living in a refugee settlement near the harbour. Projects From the 11th to the 28th of February 2008, an MSF team conducted an exploratory mission for the situation of undocumented migrants in Patras, Igoumeniza, the islands of Samos, Lesvos and Chios and the Evros region. In the detention centres in Samos, Chios and Lesvos the main problems that were encountered were the irregularity and inefficiency of medical healthcare, the lack of personnel, the lack of special measures for vulnerable groups and generally the unacceptable living conditions. In the migrant’s settlement in Patras, the situation for migrants is mach more difficult. The MSF team saw that migrants live under precarious conditions with limited access to health care. On the 13th of May 2008, based on the findings of the exploratory mission, MSF decided to start an emergency intervention program in the temporary migrants’ settlement in Patra and later on the 2nd of June 2008, in the detention centre of Pagani in Lesvos. The third place where MSF had planned to intervene was Evros, but finally the intervention did not start, since the detention centre of Peplos was closed. Temporary migrants’ settlement in Patra From the 13th of May 2008, MSF provides primary health care services and psychosocial support to the undocumented migrants inside the camp of Patra. The running of the clinic on a daily basis and the presence of a psychologist helps in the direction of dealing with all the cases that need evaluation and referral, as well as in supporting and dealing with cases on a personal and on a group level. There are 20-25 consultations every day. Up to the end of July, 1.020 consultations were conducted. The main medical problems of the population are skin diseases, mainly scabies and infections, respiratory infections (of the upper and the lower respiratory system) and gastrointestinal disorders (diarrhea). Myoskeletal pains and injuries are also a common medical finding, as a result of the migrants’ frequent involvement in attempts to get on moving tracks (as a means of leaving the country). Without hot water, without adequate ventilation, the reality that the migrants face and MSF has recorded is very difficult. MSF provides free treatment. We take full medical records from all cases, and when there is need for a referral and further examination, we ask for the assistance of the local health authorities. Up to the end of July, 175 patients have been referred to hospitals. At the same time, group sessions are carried out frequently, in order to inform the population about issues of personal sanitation, prevention of diseases etc. The mental health workers record cases of depression and post-traumatic stress among migrants – situations linked to their families and the problems they have left behind in their countries, the hard living conditions and the uncertainty about the future. It’s also worth noting that access of the population to toilets and showers is limited to some constructions built from scratch by the migrants themselves, that the waste management is problematic inside the camp, access to clean water is limited and as a consequence personal sanitation is deficient. Under this light, migrants do not have the means to efficiently see to their personal sanitation in a way that would reduce the risk of diseases. The logistician of the team provides systematic support towards the improvement of the living conditions. There is frequent distribution of materials necessary for the improvement of the living conditions (plastic containers, showers, toilet seats, litter bins, cleaning material etc.) and the personal sanitation (soaps etc.) of the migrants who live in the camp, while at the same time the improvement of the infrastructure (the showers and the toilets are not sufficient) is ongoing, in order to ensure better care of the population’s hygiene. Detention center in Mytilini Similar services are provided in the detention center of Pagani, with the daily presence of a doctor, a psychologist and a logistician of the organization since the 2nd of June 2008. More than 591 consultations have been conducted so far. The main medical problems of the population are skin diseases, mainly scabies and infections, respiratory infections (of the upper and the lower respiratory system) and gastrointestinal disorders (diarrhea) – diseases that are directly linked to the existing living conditions. At the psychosocial support level, the presence of a psychologist aims at supporting vulnerable members of the population (children, pregnant women, victims of violence, families) by organizing activities inside the detention center. Moreover, MSF has constructed showers, toilets and other infrastructure. In addition, since the 17th of July the team provides humanitarian and primary health care at the migrants’ arrival point in the Harbor of Mytilini. At the same time, the MSF teams are conducting frequent visits to the reception place of unaccompanied minors in Ayasso, while they are following up the progress on the setting up of this new structure. Detention Center of Peplo (Evros) The intervention in the detention centre in Peplo, while it was considered a priority according to the results of the exploratory mission –February 2008- (and one of the 3 locations that MSF was going to intervene), was never realized because this particular center stopped functioning. MSF continues its work in the pre-mentioned locations of intervention, and at the same time we are in regular contact with the relevant authorities regarding vaccinations, following up issues of public health and exploring the possibility of collaborating with the health departments at a local and at a central level. Further evaluation of the medical needs of the undocumented migrants is ongoing. |
2009/09/15
facts
Due to its geographic location,
Greece has always been one of
the main gateways to Europe
from the Middle East and beyond by land,
air and sea. Recent arrivals include a
substantial number of people fleeing
war-torn countries such as Somalia and
Afghanistan. And in the first sixmonths
of 2007, some 3,500 Iraqis applied for
asylum in Greece, the second highest
number in any industrialized country, after
Sweden.
Overall, the number of migrants and
asylum seekers crossing by boat from
Turkey increased sharply in 2007. As a
result, detention centres on the islands of
Samos, Chios and Lesvos experienced
serious problems of overcrowding.
The UN refugee agency has repeatedly
raised concerns about the poor conditions
under which migrants and asylum seekers
are kept in Greece – and in October 2007,
UNHCR called for the immediate closure of
one particular holding centre, on the island
of Samos, because of its overcrowded and
extremely unhygienic condition. An earlier
European Parliament report (July 2007) had
described the same centre as “squalid,
deplorable, inhuman and unacceptable,”
and had cast a critical eye over a number of
other aspects of the country’s asylum
system.
Irregular entrants in Greece face major
difficulties accessing asylum procedures.
These include lack of information about
their rights and asylum procedures, lack of
qualified interpreters and insufficient legal
aid. However, a new Interior Ministry guide
to asylum procedures in Greece, published
in six different languages, is expected to
help improve this situation somewhat.
For several years, UNHCR has been
expressing concern at the extraordinarily
low numbers of refugees being recognized
in Greece, compared to other EU countries
(the overall Greek recognition rate has
tended to be just above or below 1%).
And a study on the implementation of the
European Union’s Qualification Directive in
five EU states, released by the agency in
November 2007, appeared to confirm that
there are serious problems with the
country’s asylum procedure.
The study examined 305 randomly
selected first instance decisions on claims
lodged by asylumseekers from Sudan, Iraq,
Afghanistan, Somalia and Sri Lanka. All 305
decisions were negative. The study found
that none of the decisions contained any
reference to the facts, and none
mentioned any legal reasoning. Although
each asylum claim should be evaluated on
its individual merits, all the decisions
examined contained a standard paragraph
with exactly the same information.
As a result of these deficiencies, the
study said, “the research was not able to
discern legal practice in Greece.”
A few weeks earlier, in October 2007,
another report was issued – by the Greek
Group of Lawyers for the Rights of
Refugees and Migrants and the German
NGO Pro Asyl – which alleged that the
Greek coastguard was pushing back boat
people. “It tries to block their boats and
force them out of Greek territorial waters,”
the report stated. “Regardless of whether
they survive or not, passengers are cast
ashore on uninhabited islands or left to
their fate on the open sea.” The report also
alleged there had been serious physical
maltreatment of migrants in Greece, as
well as cases of forced returns of people,
who could be refugees, across the land
border with Turkey (an issue UNHCR has
raised separately on a number of
occasions). The Greek government ordered
an investigation into the claims.
Greece has always been one of
the main gateways to Europe
from the Middle East and beyond by land,
air and sea. Recent arrivals include a
substantial number of people fleeing
war-torn countries such as Somalia and
Afghanistan. And in the first sixmonths
of 2007, some 3,500 Iraqis applied for
asylum in Greece, the second highest
number in any industrialized country, after
Sweden.
Overall, the number of migrants and
asylum seekers crossing by boat from
Turkey increased sharply in 2007. As a
result, detention centres on the islands of
Samos, Chios and Lesvos experienced
serious problems of overcrowding.
The UN refugee agency has repeatedly
raised concerns about the poor conditions
under which migrants and asylum seekers
are kept in Greece – and in October 2007,
UNHCR called for the immediate closure of
one particular holding centre, on the island
of Samos, because of its overcrowded and
extremely unhygienic condition. An earlier
European Parliament report (July 2007) had
described the same centre as “squalid,
deplorable, inhuman and unacceptable,”
and had cast a critical eye over a number of
other aspects of the country’s asylum
system.
Irregular entrants in Greece face major
difficulties accessing asylum procedures.
These include lack of information about
their rights and asylum procedures, lack of
qualified interpreters and insufficient legal
aid. However, a new Interior Ministry guide
to asylum procedures in Greece, published
in six different languages, is expected to
help improve this situation somewhat.
For several years, UNHCR has been
expressing concern at the extraordinarily
low numbers of refugees being recognized
in Greece, compared to other EU countries
(the overall Greek recognition rate has
tended to be just above or below 1%).
And a study on the implementation of the
European Union’s Qualification Directive in
five EU states, released by the agency in
November 2007, appeared to confirm that
there are serious problems with the
country’s asylum procedure.
The study examined 305 randomly
selected first instance decisions on claims
lodged by asylumseekers from Sudan, Iraq,
Afghanistan, Somalia and Sri Lanka. All 305
decisions were negative. The study found
that none of the decisions contained any
reference to the facts, and none
mentioned any legal reasoning. Although
each asylum claim should be evaluated on
its individual merits, all the decisions
examined contained a standard paragraph
with exactly the same information.
As a result of these deficiencies, the
study said, “the research was not able to
discern legal practice in Greece.”
A few weeks earlier, in October 2007,
another report was issued – by the Greek
Group of Lawyers for the Rights of
Refugees and Migrants and the German
NGO Pro Asyl – which alleged that the
Greek coastguard was pushing back boat
people. “It tries to block their boats and
force them out of Greek territorial waters,”
the report stated. “Regardless of whether
they survive or not, passengers are cast
ashore on uninhabited islands or left to
their fate on the open sea.” The report also
alleged there had been serious physical
maltreatment of migrants in Greece, as
well as cases of forced returns of people,
who could be refugees, across the land
border with Turkey (an issue UNHCR has
raised separately on a number of
occasions). The Greek government ordered
an investigation into the claims.
2009/09/14
map
an attempt to see the big picture of the current situation.
statistical and numerical data soon to be published
statistical and numerical data soon to be published
2009/09/11
2009/09/09
definitions
Asylum seeker
Someone who has made a claim that he or she is a refugee, and is waiting for that claim to be accepted or rejected. The term contains no presumption either way – it simply describes the fact that someone has lodged the claim. Some asylum seekers will be recognized to be refugees and others will not.
Detention
Restriction on freedom of movement through enforced confinement of an individual by government authorities. There are two types of detention: criminal detention, having as a purpose punishment for the committed crime; and administrative detention, guaranteeing that another administrative measure such as expulsion can be implemented. In many states irregular migrants are subjected to administrative detention, as they do not comply with migration laws. In many states a person may be detained pending a decision on refugee status or on admission or removal from a state.
Economic Migration
Economic migration is often used interchangeably with the term labour migration; however, this term has a wider sense and can encompass migration for the purposes of improving quality of life in social and economic terms. Economic migration can be both regular and irregular.
Expulsion
An act by an authority of the state with the intention and with the effect of securing the removal of persons against their will from the territory of that state.
Family reunification
Process whereby family members separated through forced or voluntary migration are brought together again, whether in the country of origin or another country. When the family is reunited in a country that is not their own, it often implies a degree of state discretion over admission.
Integration
Integration is the process by which migrants and refugees are accepted in society. Integration relies on finding a balance between respecting the original cultural values and identities of migrants and refugees and a creating sense of belonging for newcomers (based on an acceptance of the core values and institutions of the host community or country). The process of integration concerns all aspects of life in a society and both the newcomers and the host community play important roles.
Irregular migrant
The term irregular migrant is used to describe someone who does not hold the required legal status or travel documents to enter or remain in a country. For example, by entering a country without a valid passport or travel document, or by failing to fulfill administrative requirements for entering or leaving a country.
Labour Migration
Labour migration applies to people moving for the purposes of employment. Labour migration policies apply strict economic criteria based on the labour requirements of the country concerned. In the EU an increasing number of countries are turning to points based immigration policies in order to encourage the supply of highly skilled labour only. In addition, some countries are now trying to restrict the inflow of lower skilled labour from non EU countries.
Migrant
The term migrant is usually describes someone who makes a free decision to move to another region or country, often to better material or social conditions and improve prospects for themselves and their families. People also migrate for many other reasons.
Naturalization
Naturalization is the acquisition of citizenship or nationality by someone who was not a citizen or national of that country at birth.
Non-refoulement
Non-refoulement is a key principle in international refugee law, that concerns the protection of refugees from being returned to places where their lives or freedoms could be threatened.
Overstay
To remain in a country beyond the period for which entry was granted.
Refugee
The 1951 Refugee Convention describes refugees as people who are outside their country of nationality or habitual residence, and have ‘’a well-founded fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, and are unable or, owing to such fear, unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country’’. People fleeing conflicts or generalized violence are also generally considered as refugees. They have no protection from their own state – indeed it is often their own government that is threatening to persecute them.
Regularization
A process by which a country allows persons in an irregular situation to obtain legal status in the country.
Resettlement
Refugees are not always able to return safely home or to remain in the country where they received asylum, usually because they would face continued persecution. In such circumstances, UNHCR attempts to resettle them in safe third countries. With voluntary repatriation and local integration, resettlement is one of the three long-term solutions for refugees. Through resettlement, refugees gain legal protection – residency and often eventually citizenship – from governments who agree, on a case-by-case basis, to receive them.
Smuggling
A form of migrant movement that is done with the agreement of the migrant and usually with payment from the migrant for the smuggling services. Smuggling can be exploitative and dangerous, including fatal, but is not coercive in the sense of trafficking.
Stateless people
A person who is not considered a national of any state by operation of its laws is stateless.
Trafficking
Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, or receipt of persons by means of threat, use of force or other forms of coercion. The most common forms of trafficking are for sexual exploitation, child trafficking, and trafficking for labour exploitation. Trafficking violates human rights and includes abduction, fraud, deception, and the abuse of power or the abuse of someone in a vulnerable position.
Unaccompanied minor
Unaccompanied minors are girls and boys under 18 years of age, of foreign origin, who are separated from both parents and are not being cared for by an adult who by law or by custom is responsible for doing so. Unaccompanied minors can be either refugees, asylum seekers or migrants. Unaccompanied children are especially vulnerable to exploitation. The rights of unaccompanied minors are protected by the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of Children.
Voluntary return
Return of persons to their country of origin on the basis of freely expressed willingness to go back.
Someone who has made a claim that he or she is a refugee, and is waiting for that claim to be accepted or rejected. The term contains no presumption either way – it simply describes the fact that someone has lodged the claim. Some asylum seekers will be recognized to be refugees and others will not.
Detention
Restriction on freedom of movement through enforced confinement of an individual by government authorities. There are two types of detention: criminal detention, having as a purpose punishment for the committed crime; and administrative detention, guaranteeing that another administrative measure such as expulsion can be implemented. In many states irregular migrants are subjected to administrative detention, as they do not comply with migration laws. In many states a person may be detained pending a decision on refugee status or on admission or removal from a state.
Economic Migration
Economic migration is often used interchangeably with the term labour migration; however, this term has a wider sense and can encompass migration for the purposes of improving quality of life in social and economic terms. Economic migration can be both regular and irregular.
Expulsion
An act by an authority of the state with the intention and with the effect of securing the removal of persons against their will from the territory of that state.
Family reunification
Process whereby family members separated through forced or voluntary migration are brought together again, whether in the country of origin or another country. When the family is reunited in a country that is not their own, it often implies a degree of state discretion over admission.
Integration
Integration is the process by which migrants and refugees are accepted in society. Integration relies on finding a balance between respecting the original cultural values and identities of migrants and refugees and a creating sense of belonging for newcomers (based on an acceptance of the core values and institutions of the host community or country). The process of integration concerns all aspects of life in a society and both the newcomers and the host community play important roles.
Irregular migrant
The term irregular migrant is used to describe someone who does not hold the required legal status or travel documents to enter or remain in a country. For example, by entering a country without a valid passport or travel document, or by failing to fulfill administrative requirements for entering or leaving a country.
Labour Migration
Labour migration applies to people moving for the purposes of employment. Labour migration policies apply strict economic criteria based on the labour requirements of the country concerned. In the EU an increasing number of countries are turning to points based immigration policies in order to encourage the supply of highly skilled labour only. In addition, some countries are now trying to restrict the inflow of lower skilled labour from non EU countries.
Migrant
The term migrant is usually describes someone who makes a free decision to move to another region or country, often to better material or social conditions and improve prospects for themselves and their families. People also migrate for many other reasons.
Naturalization
Naturalization is the acquisition of citizenship or nationality by someone who was not a citizen or national of that country at birth.
Non-refoulement
Non-refoulement is a key principle in international refugee law, that concerns the protection of refugees from being returned to places where their lives or freedoms could be threatened.
Overstay
To remain in a country beyond the period for which entry was granted.
Refugee
The 1951 Refugee Convention describes refugees as people who are outside their country of nationality or habitual residence, and have ‘’a well-founded fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, and are unable or, owing to such fear, unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country’’. People fleeing conflicts or generalized violence are also generally considered as refugees. They have no protection from their own state – indeed it is often their own government that is threatening to persecute them.
Regularization
A process by which a country allows persons in an irregular situation to obtain legal status in the country.
Resettlement
Refugees are not always able to return safely home or to remain in the country where they received asylum, usually because they would face continued persecution. In such circumstances, UNHCR attempts to resettle them in safe third countries. With voluntary repatriation and local integration, resettlement is one of the three long-term solutions for refugees. Through resettlement, refugees gain legal protection – residency and often eventually citizenship – from governments who agree, on a case-by-case basis, to receive them.
Smuggling
A form of migrant movement that is done with the agreement of the migrant and usually with payment from the migrant for the smuggling services. Smuggling can be exploitative and dangerous, including fatal, but is not coercive in the sense of trafficking.
Stateless people
A person who is not considered a national of any state by operation of its laws is stateless.
Trafficking
Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, or receipt of persons by means of threat, use of force or other forms of coercion. The most common forms of trafficking are for sexual exploitation, child trafficking, and trafficking for labour exploitation. Trafficking violates human rights and includes abduction, fraud, deception, and the abuse of power or the abuse of someone in a vulnerable position.
Unaccompanied minor
Unaccompanied minors are girls and boys under 18 years of age, of foreign origin, who are separated from both parents and are not being cared for by an adult who by law or by custom is responsible for doing so. Unaccompanied minors can be either refugees, asylum seekers or migrants. Unaccompanied children are especially vulnerable to exploitation. The rights of unaccompanied minors are protected by the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of Children.
Voluntary return
Return of persons to their country of origin on the basis of freely expressed willingness to go back.
useful links
http://www.architectureforhumanity.org/
http://www.unhcr.org
http://www.unhcr.gr/
http://www.iom.int
http://www.gcr.gr
and an article about the architect's shelter inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright
http://www.greekarchitects.gr/index.php?lang=en&newid=226
http://www.unhcr.org
http://www.unhcr.gr/
http://www.iom.int
http://www.gcr.gr
and an article about the architect's shelter inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright
http://www.greekarchitects.gr/index.php?lang=en&newid=226
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)